我的oracle9i学习笔记

######### Managing Privileges #############

grant create table,create session to user_name;

grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;

/*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/

grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];

select * from v$pwfile_users;

/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/

show parameter O7;

/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/

alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;

/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/

grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;

/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/

grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;

select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;

/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/

show parameter audit_trail;

/*启动对表的select动作*/

audit select on user.table_name by session;

/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/

audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];

desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包

/*取消审计*/

noaudit select on user.table_name;

/*查被审计信息*/

select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;

/*获取审计记录*/

select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;

########### Managing Role #################

create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;

create role role_name;

create role role_name identified by password;

create role role_name identified externally;

set role role_name ; ----激活role

set role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name not identified;

alter role role_name identified by password;

alter role role_name identified externally;

grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];

grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;

grant role_name1 to role_name2;

/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/

alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;

alter user user_name default role all;

alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;

alter user user_name default role none;

set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;

set role all;

set role except role1,role2,...;

set role none;

revoke role_name from user_name;

revoke role_name from public;

drop role role_name;

select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;

########### Basic SQL SELECT ################

select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;

select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符

/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/

select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;

/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/

select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;

/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,

某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/

select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),

round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;

/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/

select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;

select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1

when '30' then column2*2.1

when '10' then column3/20

else column3

end as ttt

from table_name ; ------使用case函数

select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1

[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接

[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接

[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接

[JOIN table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |

[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;

example:

select col1,col2 from table1 t1

join table2 t2

on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1

join table3 t3

on t2.col1=t3.col3;

select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);

insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1>; 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);

MERGE INTO table_name table1

USING table_name2 table2

ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

UPDATE SET

table1.col1=table2.col2,

table1.col2=table2.col3,

...

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句

##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################

alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column

alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。

alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列

rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表

comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息

create table table_name

(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),

constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件

alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键

/*建立外键*/

create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));

alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;

alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键

alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效

/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/

alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;

select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图

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